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The bootloader is the first code that is executed after a system reset. Its goal is to bring the system to a state in which it can perform its main function. This requires hardware initialization and choosing the correct image to load from flash or other sources. Because of its key role, the bootloader is usually placed in a part of the Flash that is protected from accidental erasure or corruption. Hardware initialization may imply enabling access to RAM, setting up clocks and PLLs, and configuring other key peripherals. However, hardware initialization should be restricted to the essential at this level leaving the rest of the initializations for upper application code. The bootloader is a critical part of an embedded system because, if it is corrupted, there is no solution to start a program or to update a new bootloader. This is the reason why today, in all systems, there is a safe bootloader, stocked in ROM. The users or extrernal systems cannot access this memory and so cannot modify it. In case of problem, the system can use this bootloader to start. Generally, it allows to download a new bootloader to fix the older one which has been corrupted. Our Emulation Framework can simulate a bootloader corruption and modify the bootloader, inserting a /wiki/spaces/KC/pages/1455980582.
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Modified Kernels
MIPS, ARM, PPC, x86 and other libnvram-compatible architectures are supported, for instrumentation of firmware execution
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Consumer firmware are often limited in computing power. This limitation rules out slower, harder-to-crack asymmetrical encryption such as RSA. Also, vendors sometimes use the same encryption scheme for multiple routers. Look for routers that are in the same product line, with same processor architecture. Look around there and you might find the right decryption executable. In case of firmware related to Enteprise products, there is no easy method to obtain the decryption routine, other than using the /wiki/spaces/KC/pages/1455980582.
Full system emulation
Sometimes, we’ll need to analyze the firmware more comprehensively and will benefit from full system emulation. There are many ways to fully emulate a device.
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